In 1933 Godel introduced a calculus of provability (also known as modal logic S4) and left open the question of its exact intended semantics. In this paper we give a solution to this problem. We find the logic LP of propositions and proofs and show that Godel's provability calculus is nothing but the forgetful projection of LP. This also achieves Godel's objective of defining intuitionistic propositional logic Int via classical proofs and provides a Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmogorov style provability semantics for Int which (...) resisted formalization since the early 1930s. LP may be regarded as a unified underlying structure for intuitionistic, modal logics, typed combinatory logic and λ-calculus. (shrink)

Biography of Jiddu Krishnamurti, 1895-1986, Indian philosopher.

Treatise with auto-commentary on Dvaita philosophy.

Contributed articles on Indic philosophy, Vedic grammer, and classical Sanskrit literature; includes some on the life of Kr̥ṣṇa Mādho Jha, Sanskrit scholar.

Reviewed Works:S. N. Artemov, B. M. Schein, Arithmetically Complete Modal Theories.S. N. Artemov, E. Mendelson, On Modal Logics Axiomatizing Provability.S.N. Artemov, E. Mendelson, Nonarithmeticity of Truth Prdicate Logics of Provability.V. A. Vardanyan, E. Mendelson, Arithmetic Complexity of Predicate Logics of Provability and Their.S. N. Artemov, E. Mendelson, Numerically Correct Provability Logics.

Study of Śivasvarodaya, work on yoga; includes original Sanskrit text with English translation.

Commemoration volume of Mahamahopadhyaya Bālakr̥ṣṇa Misŕa, 1887-1943, Sanskrit author; contributed research papers on Hindu philosophy, Sanskrit grammar and Vedic literature and some on his life and works.

Life and works of Vācaspatimiśra, fl. 976-1000, Hindu philosopher; with special reference to his contribution to the Advaita school.

We describe a general logical framework, Justification Logic, for reasoning about epistemic justification. Justification Logic is based on classical propositional logic augmented by justification assertions t: F that read t is a justification for F. Justification Logic absorbs basic principles originating from both mainstream epistemology and the mathematical theory of proofs. It contributes to the studies of the well-known Justified True Belief vs. Knowledge problem. We state a general Correspondence Theorem showing that behind each epistemic modal logic, there is a (...) robust system of justifications. This renders a new, evidence-based foundation for epistemic logic. As a case study, we offer a resolution of the GoldmanRed Barns in Justification Logic. Furthermore, we formalize the well-known Gettier example and reveal hidden assumptions and redundancies in Gettier’s reasoning. (shrink)

The truth of every human being is the end his life with death, and this leads to leaving assets and funds for those after him and can lead to hate between the heirs, it has made a point of Islamic law on all aspects of life, including the subject of the inheritance of the deceased. The main problem is how to get the knowledge of the basics of inheritance. This paper reviews work done in the use of expert system software (...) to calculate inheritance in Islam. A proposed expert system was designed and developed using CLIPS language to calculate the inheritance in Islam. (shrink)

Sosyolojinin yeni bir alt dalı olarak 1990’lı yıllarda ortaya çıkan sınır sosyolojisi, sınır ve toplum ilişkilerinin karşılıklı etkileşimini konu edinen ve sınır ve toplumsal değişme arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamayı amaçlayan bir bilimsel disiplindir. Soğuk Savaşın son bulması ve Sovyetler Birliği’nin çöküşü, Berlin Duvarı’nın yıkılması, yeni devletlerin ortaya çıkması, Avrupa Birliği’nin genişlemesi, küreselleşme ve teknolojik gelişmeler sınır sosyolojisinin ortaya çıkmasında doğrudan doğruya etkili olmuştur. Söz konusu gelişmeler sınırların yeniden düşünülmesini gerektirmiştir. Toplumların kuruluşunda sınırların nerede yer aldığı, sınırların kimlik ifade etmede nasıl bir (...) role sahip olduğu, sınırların nasıl algılandıkları ve sınırötesi ilişkilerin nasıl şekillendiği sınır sosyolojisinin temel sorularını oluşturur. Bu çalışmanın temel sorunsalı, sınır sosyolojisinin bağımsız bir disiplin olarak gelişiminde kapsamının, yönteminin ve tarihsel gelişiminin nasıl bir rol oynadığıdır. Bu sorunsal çerçevesinde sınırların farklı anlamları içerdiği, psikolojik, sosyolojik, siyasal, ekonomik, kültürel, dinsel, etnik, dilsel, toplumsal cinsiyet, mekân, güvenlik, milliyetçilik, göç ve küreselleşme gibi boyutları taşıdığı ve değişik toplumsal işlevlere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Sınır sosyolojisinin sosyolojinin bir alt dalı olarak gelişim gösterdiği, sosyologların sınır ve toplum ilişkilerini görünür kıldıkları, sınırların tarihsel bir perspektiften inşa edildiği, genel sosyolojinin yanı sıra sınır sosyolojisinin kendisine özgü yönteminin olduğu ve sınırlarla ilgili sosyolojik çalışmaların bir tarihsel süreklilik taşıdığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, sınır sosyolojisinin sosyolojide yeni bir alan olarak geliştiği anlaşılmıştır. (shrink)

Study of Śrībhāṣya of Rāmānuja, 1017-1137, commentary on Brahmasūtra of Bādarāyaṇa, aphoristic work on Vedanta philosophy.

An Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) is a computer system that offers an instant, adapted instruction and customized feedback to students without human teacher interference. Reciting "Tajweed" the Holy Quran in the appropriate way is very important for all Muslims and is obligatory in Islamic devotions such as prayers. In this paper, the researchers introduce an intelligent tutoring system for teaching Reciting "Tajweed". Our "Tajweed" tutoring system is limited to "Tafkhim and Tarqiq in TAJWEED" the Holy Quran, Rewaya: Hafs from ‘Aasem. (...) The system was evaluated by reciting teachers and students, and the results were auspicious. (shrink)

Abstract:S. N. Balagangadhara, Sarika Rao, Jakob De Roover, and Marianne Keppens One of the best-known aspects of Indian society is its "rigid caste system" and the "evil practices of untouchability." It is a truism today to say that Indian society is divided into four castes, which are not allowed to mix. Many Indian texts are brought forward as evidence of this understanding of Indian society. The ancient Indian text Mānavadharmaśāstra or "Laws of Manu" takes a central place in such accounts. (...) This is especially the case for its verses on varṇasankara, translated as "mixing of social classes" or "intermixture of castes." Given the important role these verses play in the understanding of Indian culture, society, and policymaking, it is crucial to translate them accurately. Using one verse in one text, this article focuses on the standard translation and deals both critically and constructively with the received view. (shrink)

In this paper, I explore the links between liberal political theory and the evaluative nature of medical classification, arguing for stronger recognition of those links in a liberal model of medical practice. All judgments of medical or psychiatric "dysfunction," I argue, are fundamentally evaluative, reflecting our collective willingness or reluctance to tolerate and/or accommodate the conditions in question. Illness, then, is "socially constructed." But the relativist worries that this loaded phrase evokes are unfounded; patients, doctors, and communities will agree in (...) the vast majority of cases about what counts as illness. Where they cannot come to agreement, however, we are faced with precisely the sort of dispute about values and ways of life that the institutions of the liberal state are designed to accommodate. I accordingly sketch a model of medical practice, based loosely on Jürgen Habermas's political theories, designed to maximize both our awareness and our understanding of these disputes. (shrink)

Hagiography of Sankaracarya, the exponent of Advaita philosophy.